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Antenna Array


Antenna array

Complex directional antenna consists of separate near-omnidirectional antennas (radiating elements) positioned in the space and driven by high-frequency …

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Vladimir Sergeevich Filippov, Professor of the Chair of Radio-physics, Antennas and Microwave Devices of MAI (Moscow), Doctor of Science in technics.


Sergey Anatolievich Pavlov, Senior Researcher of the Chair of Radio-physics, Antennas and Microwave Devices of MAI (Moscow), Candidate of Science in technics.
One of the founders and executives of Industrial Electrosystems.
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Research of characteristics of phased arrays, considering interaction of radiators and properties of attenuator



Published: 02/08/2006
Original: Proceedings of institutes of MV and SSO USSR. Radioelectronics (Moscow), 1984, №2, p.p.71...74
© V. S. Filippov, S. A. Pavlov, 1984. All rights reserved.
© EDS–Soft, 2006. All rights reserved.


Most works [1, 2], dedicated to research of infinite phased arrays are based on the assumption that the radiators do not interact through the attenuator. Below, there is the method and result of the research of characteristics of infinite block phased arrays, radiators of which form a periodic structure, considering the influence of the attenuator that provides arbitrary amplitude-phase distribution inside the block. Two cases of feeding a block phased array are considered. In the first case, the array beam is controlled by phasing the blocks with uncontrolled radiators. In the second case, simultaneously with phasing of the blocks, elements of the blocks are phased in the direction of the principal maximum of the array, i.e. phase inverter is included into the blocks. Influence of both nondissipative attenuators and attenuators containing absorbing elements.

In the first case, the approach detailed below allows researching the array that provides for scanning in a narrow angle sector involving several collateral principal maximums in the area of real angles, which are suppressed because of the narrow block direction diagram, considering the attenuator. In the second case, the influence of a feeder on the characteristics of phased array with elementwise phasing can be researched.

Fig.1 displays a generic scheme of a block phased through-type array. In the general case, it includes radiator blocks 1, controlled phase inverters used to phase the block radiators 2, attenuators that provide necessary amplitude-phase distribution in the block limits 3 and controlled phased inverters used to phase the blocks 4. To analyze this structure, we shall use methods of the theory of microwave circuits. We shall consider the radiator block and the attenuator as microwave multipoles characterized by generic dispersion matrices and correspondingly (fig. 2). Let us consider the dispersion matrix of the attenuator known. It can be found either analytically or experimentally. We shall dwell on the generic dispersion matrix of the radiator block.

In the supplying feeders of the radiators, we shall consider types of waves and renumber them in their number ascension order. Some of the harmonics will be propagating, and the rest will be supercritical. To find the dispersion matrix we shall consider an infinite plane phased array with semi-finite supplying feeders, phased by blocks. Fields of incident waves for such an array can be written as follows:

(1)

where m, n — indices of the radiator, s, t — indices of the block in the infinite array; m, n, s, t = (-∞,∞); — complex amplitude of the , harmonic, incident to the input of the radiator with indices р, q inside the block; М, N — number of radiators in the block on x and y axes correspondingly; , — phase shifts between adjacent blocks on the corresponding axes; — Kroneker symbol.

In (1), let us single out the periodical factor

(2)

The function is periodic with periods М and N on axes x and y correspondingly, thus it can be factorized into a discrete Fourier series:

(3)

where — Fourier coefficients [3]. By substituting (3) in (2), we shall get

(4)

where , .

Thus excitation of a regular block array is represented as a sum of feeds of a common infinite phased array with differential phase shifts between the and radiators on the х and у axes correspondingly. According to the superposition principle, we can now get the solution of a boundary-value problem for an infinite regular block phased array as the sum of solutions for a common array, excited by the wave specter with the .

Now, we shall represent the radiator block as a multipole having pairs of input terminals and two pairs of output terminals. The output terminals of this multipole correspond to the Floquet harmonics of H and Е [1] types with zero indices for partial excitation k, l = 0, in the (4) factorization, which define DN of the phased array block (group of inputs А at fig. 2). Besides these harmonics, other Floquet harmonics can also be propagating. Therefore, the multipole in question is a lossy multipole generally. The input terminals of the multipole correspond to the harmonics, propagating in the supplying feeders of the block radiators (group of inputs В at fig.2).

Using the solutions to the boundary value problem for the infinite plane phased array [1] for all partial feeds in (4), we can determine the generic dispersion matrix . Indeed, let us consider that block excitation is determined by a single wave , incident to the input of the radiator with indices p, q inside the block. Then, if we determine the Fourier series coefficients for this excitation and add the complex amplitudes of waves, propagating in the feeders from radiators, we can easily find the coefficients of the dispersion matrix, which characterize the group of inputs В (fig. 2) of the multipole . If we know the coefficients of the Floquet harmonic amplitude of the Н and Е kind with zero indices for partial excitation k=0, l=0 in (4), we can find the transfer coefficients from the group of inputs В to the group of inputs А.

If we limit the block phased array to transmission only, the coefficients of the dispersion matrix found above are enough to determine the justification and radiation ratios. Characteristics of the receiving phased array can be found according to the reciprocity principle.


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References

1. Amithay N., Galindo V., Wu Ch. Theory and analysis of phased array antennas.— Wiley–Interscience Inc., New York, London, Sydney, Toronto.— 1972.
2. Maylux R. J. Theory and technics of phased antenna.— TIIER, 1982, t. 7, no.3, p. 5...62. (In Russian).
3. Korn G., Korn T. Mathematics reference.— M.: Nauka, 1970.— 831 p. (In Russian).
4. Sazonov D.M., Gridin A.N., Mishustin B.A. Microwave devices.— М.: Vyshaya shkola, 1981.— 295 p. (In Russian).
5. Mashkovtzev B.M., Tzibizov K.N., Emelin B.F. Theory of waveguides.— M.–L.: Nauka, 1966.— 351 p. (In Russian).

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GuidesArray Coaxial™ is used by engineers for projecting and exploring the characteristics of two-dimensional periodic phased antenna arrays for coaxial waveguides.


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